THE STATE v. SLAUGHTER., 252 Ga. 435, 315 S.E.2.d 865 (1984)
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Certiorari to the Court of Appeals of Georgia -- 168 Ga. App. 58., Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded with direction. All the Justices concur, except Marshall, P. J., who dissents as to the affirmance of the Court of Appeals\' reversal of the denial of the motion to suppress.
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Certiorari to the Court of Appeals of Georgia -- 168 Ga. App. 58., Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded with direction. All the Justices concur, except Marshall, P. J., who dissents as to the affirmance of the Court of Appeals\' reversal of the denial of the motion to suppress.
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Herbert Shafer, for appellee.William J. Smith, District Attorney, Douglas C. Pullen, Assistant District Attorney, for appellant.
After his motion to suppress was denied, Robert Earl Slaughter was tried by a jury and convicted of possession of cocaine and possession of less than an ounce of marijuana. On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court's order denying Slaughter's motion to suppress, and remanded for a new hearing on the motion to suppress and for a new trial. Slaughter v. State,
After observing Slaughter smoking marijuana in the parking lot of a nightclub and arresting him, the police found cocaine in Slaughter's possession. The arresting officer then obtained a search warrant pursuant to which he searched Slaughter's car looking for cocaine. The search revealed, among other things, a pistol (for which the defendant had a permit), a certificate of deposit for $175,000, and two marijuana cigarettes, all of which were admitted into evidence. No cocaine was found in the car.
Shortly before trial Slaughter filed a motion to suppress alleging, among other grounds, that the search warrant was signed by a magistrate who was not a neutral and detached Magistrate as required by the Constitution [and] the laws of the State of Georgia and of the United States in [that] said recorder was the attorney of record in a civil action filed against your petitioner with which he had your petitioner served and upon which he had an interest in the outcome as your petitioner believes the said recorder to have represented the plaintiff in said action on a contingency fee."
At the motion to suppress hearing, conducted immediately prior to the trial, the state produced the search warrant and the officer's supporting affidavit. The trial judge began to read the recently filed motion to suppress, quoted in part above, and noting the absence of any allegation that the issuing magistrate was biased or prejudiced, asked defense counsel to explain how the civil action affected the defendant in the criminal case. Defense counsel responded that the defendant's being in jail hampered defense of the civil case and that conviction in the criminal case would mean that the defendant could be impeached in the civil case.
The court then inquired as to the nature of the civil action, and the defense stated that it was a collection case involving $351. Defense counsel then was asked by the court how it was known that the magistrate was representing the plaintiff in the Civil case on a contingent fee. Defense counsel stated that he had been told of the Contingent fee arrangement by the defendant's lawyer who was defending the civil case. The trial judge said that the information as to the contingent fee was hearsay and not proof of bias or prejudice, and he would on that basis overrule the motion to suppress. Defense counsel offered to call the magistrate to testify as to his fee arrangement. However, the trial judge continued reading the next ground of the motion to suppress. [1] After hearing testimony from the arresting officer relating to the sufficiency of the search warrant affidavit, the motion to suppress was overruled as to all grounds. The state was not called upon, and did not offer, to put up evidence regarding the issue now before us.
On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed, holding that because the defendant had "set out facts that, if proven, could have resulted in a granting of his motion to suppress,"
Searches are conducted either with or without a search warrant. "[T]he most basic constitutional rule in this area is that 'searches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment (Code Ann. 1-804) -- subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.' The exceptions are 'jealously and carefully drawn,' and there must be 'a showing by those who seek exemption . . . that the exigencies of the situation made that course imperative.' '(T)he burden is on those seeking the exemption to show the need for it.' " Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U. S. 443, 454-455 (91 SC 2022, 29 LE2d 564) (1971) (footnotes citing cases omitted).
Because the burden is on those officers who conduct a search without a warrant to show that the search was conducted pursuant to an exception to the Fourth Amendment (Code Ann. 1-804) warrant requirement, it can be said that a search without a warrant is presumed to be invalid and the burden is on the state to show that the warrantless search was valid. See Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U. S. 385, 390-391 (98 SC 2408, 57 LE2d 290) (1978); McDonald v. United States, 335 U. S. 451, 456 (69 SC 191, 93 LE 153) (1948).
On the other hand, a search conducted pursuant to a search warrant, regular and proper on its face, is presumed to be valid and the burden is on the person who moves to suppress the items found to show that the search warrant was invalid. See Franks v. Delaware, 438 U. S. 154, 171 (98 SC 2674, 57 LE2d 667) (1978); United States v. Vigo, 413 F2d 691, 693 (5th Cir. 1969).
In Franks, supra, the officer's affidavit supporting issuance of the warrant stated that affiant personally interviewed two named people at the defendant's place of employment and they said that defendant wore specified items of clothing (which the affidavit showed a rape victim had described as being worn by her assailant). In seeking a hearing on his motion to suppress, defense counsel stated that the two named people would testify that the officer never interviewed them personally and the clothing they described to another officer was somewhat different from that described in the affidavit. The trial court sustained the state's objection to the proffered testimony and denied movant a hearing on the motion to suppress.
On certiorari, the Supreme Court reversed, saying (438 U. S. at 171-172): "In sum, and to repeat with some embellishment what we stated at the beginning of this opinion: There is, of course, a presumption of validity with respect to the affidavit supporting the search warrant. To mandate an evidentiary hearing, the challenger's attack must be more than conclusory and must be supported by more than a mere desire to cross-examine. There must be allegations of deliberate falsehood or of reckless disregard for the truth, and those allegations must be accompanied by an offer of proof. They should point out specifically the portion of the warrant affidavit that is claimed to be false; and they should be accompanied by a statement of supporting reasons. Affidavits or sworn or otherwise reliable statements of witnesses should be furnished, or their absence satisfactorily explained. Allegations of negligence or innocent mistake are insufficient. The deliberate falsity or reckless disregard whose impeachment is permitted today is only that of the affiant, not of any nongovernmental informant. Finally, if these requirements are met, and if, when material that is the subject of the alleged falsity or reckless disregard is set to one side, there remains sufficient content in the warrant affidavit to support a finding of probable cause, no hearing is required. On the other hand, if the remaining content is insufficient, the defendant is entitled, under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments (Code Ann. 1-804 and 1-815 et seq.), to his hearing. Whether he will prevail at that hearing is, of course, another issue." The foregoing requirements (e.g., specificity of allegations, accompanied by an offer of proof in affidavit form) placed upon the person who makes a motion to suppress are court imposed.
Our statute, OCGA
"(a) A defendant aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure may move the court for the return of property, the possession of which is not otherwise unlawful, and to suppress as evidence anything so obtained on the grounds that:
"(1) The search and seizure without a warrant was illegal; or
"(2) The search and seizure with a warrant was illegal because [i] the warrant is insufficient on its face, [ii] there was not probable cause for the issuance of the warrant, or [iii] the warrant was illegally executed.
"(b) The motion shall be in writing and state facts showing that the search and seizure were unlawful. The judge shall receive evidence out of the presence of the jury on any issue of fact necessary to determine the motion; and the burden of proving that the search and seizure were lawful shall be on the state. If the motion is granted the property shall be restored, unless otherwise subject to lawful detention, and it shall not be admissible in evidence against the movant in any trial." (Matter in brackets added.) [2]
The state contends that our Code section is not applicable in this case challenging the impartiality of the issuing magistrate because such challenge is not that "the warrant is insufficient on its face," or that "there was not probable cause for the issuance of the warrant," or that "the warrant was illegally executed" (hereinafter referred to as the three statutory grounds). The first two clearly are inapplicable here. As for the third, the state urges that the legality of execution of warrants is covered by OCGA
So as not to create two procedures, one statutory and the other non-statutory, we find that all motions to suppress should be governed by OCGA
Where the challenge to the warrant is not based upon one of the three statutory grounds of OCGA
The issue in this case is whether the magistrate who issued the search warrant was "neutral and detached" or had a "direct, personal, pecuniary interest" in issuing the search warrant. Connally v. Georgia, 429 U. S. 245 (97 SC 546, 50 LE2d 444) (1977). In Georgia, magistrates may, but need not, be attorneys. OCGA
On the other hand, in some cases a magistrate who is also counsel of record in a civil suit against the defendant might not be, by virtue of the litigation, "neutral and detached" and might have a personal pecuniary interest in issuing the warrant. Certainly as Slaughter's attorney argues, where defense of the case is dependent upon the defendant's testimony, a conviction which could be used to impeach the defendant's testimony might be a benefit to the magistrate.
The Court of Appeals held that the trial court erred because, after stating facts showing the search and seizure were unlawful, [7] the defendant is not required by OCGA
In this case, the trial court apparently accepted defense counsel's oral explanation of the motion to suppress that the issuing magistrate was an attorney for the plaintiff in a suit against the defendant. We have found (above) that this may be sufficient but is not conclusive. However, the trial court did not decide the motion to suppress on this basis. The trial court overruled the motion to suppress on the ground that the movant did not produce competent evidence showing that the magistrate was handling the case on a contingent fee. We have found (above) that proof of a contingent fee may not be required. We therefore affirm the Court of Appeals' reversal of the denial of the motion to suppress.
However, because it is possible that after hearing evidence the trial court may again deny the motion to suppress, we reverse the Court of Appeals insofar as it ordered a new trial to be held. See Pierce v. State,
Joseph L. Chambers, Charles T. Shean III, amicus curiae.
Notes:
1. There were four grounds alleged in the motion to suppress. The one in issue here was the third ground.
2. Because its validity has not been questioned, we assume without deciding that our statute may put the burden of proof upon the state even though the burden would be upon the movant in a federal court.
3. Lavelle v. State,
4. In Pope v. State,
Compare United States v. De La Fuente, 548 F2d 528, 533 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,
5. The motion to suppress must "state facts," OCGA
6. A magistrate who recognizes the defendant's name from a civil case in which the magistrate is an attorney would be well advised to refer the officer to another magistrate.
7. The motion did not provide the name or nature of the case or the amount involved, did not identify the court in which it was pending, did not state that the case was still pending, and did not show that the case was not in default, and was not accompanied by affidavits or other supporting proof.
This document cites
- U.S. Supreme Court - Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385 (1978)
- U.S. Supreme Court - Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978)
- U.S. Supreme Court - Connally v. Georgia, 429 U.S. 245 (per curiam) (1977)
- U.S. Supreme Court - Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443 (1971)
- U.S. Supreme Court - McDonald v. United States, 335 U.S. 451 (1948)
See other documents that cite the same legislation
